Cheap flights from Berlin to Singapore from S$ 386
This is the cheapest one-way flight price found by a Cheapflights user in the last 72 hours by searching for a flight departing on 12-5. Fares are subject to change and may not be available on all flights or dates of travel.
BER — SIN
23 Apr — 30 Apr1
Return
1 adult
Economy
Cheapflights Tip: The best prices from Berlin Brandenburg to Singapore Changi are usually found in May or November, booked 75 days in advance, depart on a Monday or Wednesday and return on a Monday
Cheap flight deals from Berlin to Singapore
Discover tips and strategies to find the most affordable flight options for your journey from Berlin (BER) to Singapore (SIN). Learn about various techniques such as flexible date searches, comparing prices across and setting up price alerts. Use these methods to find the cheapest flights available for your travel needs. Data last updated 18 April 2025.
Explore the most affordable flight options available from Berlin to Singapore. Find the lowest fares from popular airlines and budget airlines, with prices last updated on 18 April 2025.
Sun 1-606:20BER - SIN
1 stop28h 10mAir France
Sun 8-610:50SIN - BER
1 stop17h 55mAir France
Deal found 16-4S$ 832
Sun 1-614:30BER - SIN
2 stops21h 45mMultiple Airlines
Sun 8-610:50SIN - BER
1 stop30h 30mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 16-4S$ 845
Mon 2-610:55BER - SIN
1 stop23h 10mBritish Airways
Mon 9-623:20SIN - BER
1 stop25h 50mBritish Airways
Deal found 18-4S$ 851
Thu 15-517:30BER - SIN
1 stop16h 00mKLM
Thu 22-521:15SIN - BER
2 stops20h 05mKLM
Deal found 17-4S$ 869
Mon 3-1121:00BER - SIN
2 stops29h 05mEtihad Airways
Mon 22-1220:40SIN - BER
2 stops28h 05mEtihad Airways
Deal found 16-4S$ 886
Thu 24-408:50BER - SIN
1 stop27h 35mFinnair
Sat 17-521:35SIN - BER
1 stop25h 45mFinnair
Deal found 17-4S$ 937
Fri 20-615:45BER - SIN
2 stops24h 10mSWISS
Thu 10-723:30SIN - BER
1 stop16h 10mSWISS
Deal found 18-4S$ 1,162
Tue 6-519:45BER - SIN
2 stops17h 55mAustrian Airlines
Wed 21-520:50SIN - BER
2 stops17h 25mAustrian Airlines
Deal found 17-4S$ 1,178
Best flights from Berlin to Singapore
Discover carefully curated flight deals from Berlin to Singapore that have cost, travel time, and stopovers in mind to ensure you get the best travel experience. Data last updated 18 April 2025.
Sun 1-606:20BER - SIN
1 stop28h 10mAir France
Sun 8-610:50SIN - BER
1 stop17h 55mAir France
Deal found 16-4S$ 832
Sun 1-614:30BER - SIN
2 stops21h 45mMultiple Airlines
Sun 8-610:50SIN - BER
1 stop30h 30mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 16-4S$ 845
Mon 2-610:55BER - SIN
1 stop23h 10mBritish Airways
Mon 9-623:20SIN - BER
1 stop25h 50mBritish Airways
Deal found 18-4S$ 851
Thu 15-517:30BER - SIN
1 stop16h 00mKLM
Thu 22-521:15SIN - BER
2 stops20h 05mKLM
Deal found 17-4S$ 869
Thu 1-508:50BER - SIN
1 stop27h 35mFinnair
Thu 15-521:35SIN - BER
1 stop27h 45mFinnair
Deal found 17-4S$ 942
Fri 29-806:55BER - SIN
2 stops20h 45mEtihad Airways
Mon 15-921:10SIN - BER
2 stops26h 45mEtihad Airways
Deal found 17-4S$ 1,092
Fri 20-615:45BER - SIN
2 stops24h 10mSWISS
Thu 10-723:30SIN - BER
1 stop16h 10mSWISS
Deal found 18-4S$ 1,162
Tue 6-519:45BER - SIN
2 stops17h 55mAustrian Airlines
Wed 21-520:50SIN - BER
2 stops17h 25mAustrian Airlines
Deal found 17-4S$ 1,178
Thu 1-517:45BER - SIN
2 stops18h 45mAir India
Thu 15-520:30SIN - BER
2 stops30h 55mAir India
Deal found 17-4S$ 1,181
Thu 8-509:40BER - SIN
1 stop17h 20mQatar Airways
Wed 21-503:10SIN - BER
1 stop16h 50mQatar Airways
Deal found 17-4S$ 1,193
Thu 19-606:20BER - SIN
1 stop28h 20mLufthansa
Mon 7-700:05SIN - BER
1 stop15h 05mLufthansa
Deal found 18-4S$ 1,194
Mon 23-606:55BER - SIN
1 stop19h 50mTurkish Airlines
Thu 14-810:15SIN - BER
1 stop31h 40mTurkish Airlines
Deal found 17-4S$ 1,206
Last-minute flights from Berlin to Singapore
Discover last-minute flight deals from Berlin to Singapore. Data last updated 18 April 2025 and is based on user searches.
Thu 24-418:55BER - SIN
1 stop17h 05mBritish Airways
Thu 8-523:20SIN - BER
1 stop22h 35mBritish Airways
Deal found 18-4S$ 865
Thu 24-408:50BER - SIN
1 stop27h 35mFinnair
Sat 17-521:35SIN - BER
1 stop25h 45mFinnair
Deal found 17-4S$ 937
Thu 24-411:05BER - SIN
2 stops27h 30mCathay Pacific
Fri 16-501:50SIN - BER
2 stops48h 20mCathay Pacific
Deal found 17-4S$ 1,435
Thu 24-412:15BER - SIN
1 stop21h 15mKLM
Wed 7-500:40SIN - BER
1 stop37h 45mKLM
Deal found 18-4S$ 1,452
Thu 24-418:10BER - SIN
1 stop16h 20mAir France
Wed 7-500:40SIN - BER
2 stops28h 05mAir France
Deal found 18-4S$ 1,675
Thu 24-419:10BER - SIN
1 stop16h 45mTurkish Airlines
Thu 8-510:15SIN - BER
1 stop31h 40mTurkish Airlines
Deal found 17-4S$ 4,049
Thu 24-409:05BER - SIN
2 stops29h 05mChina Eastern
Wed 7-500:55SIN - BER
2 stops27h 50mChina Eastern
Deal found 17-4S$ 4,964
Thu 24-411:05BER - SIN
1 stop24h 20mQantas Airways
Wed 7-523:25SIN - BER
1 stop18h 15mQantas Airways
Deal found 17-4S$ 10,454
Thu 24-407:15BER - SIN
1 stop16h 40mSingapore Airlines
Tue 6-501:25SIN - BER
1 stop18h 40mSingapore Airlines
Deal found 17-4S$ 15,546
Fri 25-409:45BER - SIN
2 stops30h 00mAir India
Tue 29-423:00SIN - BER
2 stops28h 25mAir India
Deal found 17-4S$ 1,696
Sun 27-420:40BER - SIN
1 stop23h 30mMultiple Airlines
Thu 8-516:00SIN - BER
2 stops35h 40mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 18-4S$ 920
Mon 28-409:40BER - SIN
1 stop24h 05mQatar Airways
Mon 5-503:10SIN - BER
1 stop16h 50mQatar Airways
Deal found 17-4S$ 1,389
One-way flights from Berlin to Singapore
Search for one-way flight options from Berlin to Singapore. Find affordable one-way fares based on user searches. Data last updated 18 April 2025.
Mon 12-508:15BER - SIN
2 stops59h 55mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 17-4S$ 386
Wed 1-1008:30BER - SIN
2 stops19h 10mEtihad Airways
Deal found 18-4S$ 627
Wed 1-1008:50BER - SIN
1 stop27h 35mFinnair
Deal found 18-4S$ 783
Wed 25-616:30BER - SIN
1 stop17h 15mQatar Airways
Deal found 18-4S$ 920
Sun 5-1012:15BER - SIN
1 stop22h 15mAir France
Deal found 18-4S$ 943
Sat 4-1020:50BER - SIN
2 stops37h 15mIberia
Deal found 18-4S$ 1,071
Sun 1-606:00BER - SIN
3 stops54h 25mGaruda Indonesia
Deal found 17-4S$ 1,182
Fri 2-516:45BER - SIN
2 stops32h 05mAir China
Deal found 17-4S$ 1,214
Sat 17-515:35BER - SIN
1 stop20h 20mTurkish Airlines
Deal found 17-4S$ 3,799
Cheapflights Fare Finder
Customise your flight search to find flights from Berlin to Singapore that fit within your specific budget. Explore options based on user searches and filter the results based on your desired price range. Find flights that match your budget for a cost-effective journey. Over the last 7 days, Cheapflights users made 200,618 searches. Data last updated 18 April 2025.
Use the filters below to find and compare flights from Berlin to Singapore that are best for you.
Fly from
Berlin
Fly to
Singapore
Route
Depart
Return
Price
BerlinSingapore
BER - SIN
BERSIN
Berlin Brandenburg
Sun 1-6
06:20-16:30
1 stop28h 10m
Singapore Changi
Sun 8-6
10:50-22:45
1 stop17h 55m
S$ 832
BerlinSingapore
BER - SIN
BERSIN
Berlin Brandenburg
Sun 1-6
14:30-18:15
2 stops21h 45m
Singapore Changi
Sun 8-6
10:50-11:20
1 stop30h 30m
S$ 845
BerlinSingapore
BER - SIN
BERSIN
Berlin Brandenburg
Mon 2-6
10:55-16:05
1 stop23h 10m
Singapore Changi
Mon 9-6
23:20-19:10
1 stop25h 50m
S$ 851
BerlinSingapore
BER - SIN
BERSIN
Berlin Brandenburg
Thu 15-5
17:30-15:30
1 stop16h 00m
Singapore Changi
Thu 22-5
21:15-11:20
2 stops20h 05m
S$ 869
BerlinSingapore
BER - SIN
BERSIN
Berlin Brandenburg
Thu 1-5
08:50-18:25
1 stop27h 35m
Singapore Changi
Thu 15-5
21:35-19:20
1 stop27h 45m
S$ 942
BerlinSingapore
BER - SIN
BERSIN
Berlin Brandenburg
Fri 29-8
06:55-09:40
2 stops20h 45m
Singapore Changi
Mon 15-9
21:10-17:55
2 stops26h 45m
S$ 1,092
BerlinSingapore
BER - SIN
BERSIN
Berlin Brandenburg
Fri 20-6
15:45-21:55
2 stops24h 10m
Singapore Changi
Thu 10-7
23:30-09:40
1 stop16h 10m
S$ 1,162
BerlinSingapore
BER - SIN
BERSIN
Berlin Brandenburg
Tue 6-5
19:45-19:40
2 stops17h 55m
Singapore Changi
Wed 21-5
20:50-08:15
2 stops17h 25m
S$ 1,178
BerlinSingapore
BER - SIN
BERSIN
Berlin Brandenburg
Thu 1-5
17:45-18:30
2 stops18h 45m
Singapore Changi
Thu 15-5
20:30-21:25
2 stops30h 55m
S$ 1,181
BerlinSingapore
BER - SIN
BERSIN
Berlin Brandenburg
Thu 8-5
09:40-09:00
1 stop17h 20m
Singapore Changi
Wed 21-5
03:10-14:00
1 stop16h 50m
S$ 1,193
Flights are sorted by cheapest return flights first.
Deals found on 17-4
Showing 1-10 of 22 results
1
2
3
Best time to book a flight from Berlin to Singapore
Have a flexible travel schedule? Discover the best time to fly to Singapore from Berlin with our price prediction graph.
Estimated return price
Rates are based on past data. Find the cheapest month and day to book your flight based on your travel requirements, then search for cheap deals.
Cheapflights Insights
Everything you need to know about your flight from Berlin to Singapore
How far ahead should I book a flight from Berlin to Singapore?
Use this chart to determine the optimal time to book a return flight from Berlin to Singapore. Price data was last updated on 11 April 2025.
Booking 75 days in advance of your planned departure date is, on average, the best time to get cheap flights from Berlin to Singapore. The general trend is that the closer you book to the departure date, the more expensive your flight will be.
What is the cheapest time of day to fly from BER to SIN?
Find hourly flight availability from Berlin to Singapore. Discover flight options and departure times throughout the day, allowing you to choose a departure time that suits your schedule. Data last updated 18 April 2025.
Unlike at midday, when flights are generally more expensive, you can save up to 6% on flights from Berlin to Singapore by exploring options for tickets in the morning.
Rainfall in Singapore by month
Plan your trip to Singapore by taking into account the average rainfall totals by month.
In terms of precipitation, rainfall in Singapore ranges from 150.0 - 269.0 inches per month. December is typically the wettest month, when rainfall can reach 269.0 mm. July is typically the driest time to visit Singapore when rainfall is around 150.0 mm.
Temperature in Singapore by month
Plan your trip to Singapore by taking into account the average temperature totals by month.
If weather is an important factor for your trip to Singapore, use this chart to help with planning. For those seeking warmer temperatures, March is the ideal time of year to visit, when temperatures reach an average of 28.0 C. Travellers hoping to avoid the cold should look outside of December, when temperatures are typically at their lowest (around 26.0 C).
Reviews of airlines servicing Singapore
Get insights into the airlines that provide service to Singapore. Read reviews, discover amenities, and learn about the overall travel experience offered by airlines. Use this information to make informed decisions when choosing an airline for your flight to Singapore. Reviews last updated 18 April 2025.
Peruse reviews from past customers who have flown with Garuda Indonesia, KLM and Finnair from Berlin to Singapore to help guide your decision. In addition to providing an overall rating, users have also rated airlines in terms of entertainment options, comfort, food, crew/service, and boarding process.
I had a pleasant experience with the cabin staff, who were attentive, friendly, and accommodating throughout the flight. Their professionalism made the journey more comfortable. The food and beverage were well-presented, and delicious, perfectly meeting my expectations. I appreciated that the airline accommodated dietary preferences (Seafood Meal), which enhanced my overall experience. I am writing this feedback on behalf of my friends and family who traveled in the economy class. We strongly believe that there is a splendid opportunity to further enrich the economy class experience by introducing a new feature for purchase, drawing inspiration from your existing product, 'Garuda Priority Service.' 1. Enhanced Meal Options Introduce a premium meal selection for purchase in the economy class. This would allow economy class passengers to relish business class meals. Providing the option to savor premium meals would undoubtedly elevate the travel experience for passengers. 2. Upgraded Amenity Kits Offer economy class passengers the opportunity to purchase enhanced amenity kits, inclusive of noise-canceling headphones and other amenities akin to those provided in the business class. The provision of these upgraded amenity kits would significantly enhance the in-flight comfort and overall experience for economy class travelers. 3. Displaying the menu on the in-flight entertainment screen would be helpful. 4. Implementing a system similar to Tapendium, where passengers can order snacks, beverages, and other items directly from the in-flight entertainment screen, would further enhance the passenger experience.
I had a pleasant experience with the cabin staff, who were attentive, friendly, and accommodating throughout the flight. Their professionalism made the journey more comfortable. The food and beverage were well-presented, and delicious, perfectly meeting my expectations. I appreciated that the airline accommodated dietary preferences (Seafood Meal), which enhanced my overall experience. I am writing this feedback on behalf of my friends and family who traveled in the economy class. We strongly believe that there is a splendid opportunity to further enrich the economy class experience by introducing a new feature for purchase, drawing inspiration from your existing product, 'Garuda Priority Service.' 1. Enhanced Meal Options Introduce a premium meal selection for purchase in the economy class. This would allow economy class passengers to relish business class meals. Providing the option to savor premium meals would undoubtedly elevate the travel experience for passengers. 2. Upgraded Amenity Kits Offer economy class passengers the opportunity to purchase enhanced amenity kits, inclusive of noise-canceling headphones and other amenities akin to those provided in the business class. The provision of these upgraded amenity kits would significantly enhance the in-flight comfort and overall experience for economy class travelers. 3. Displaying the menu on the in-flight entertainment screen would be helpful. 4. Implementing a system similar to Tapendium, where passengers can order snacks, beverages, and other items directly from the in-flight entertainment screen, would further enhance the passenger experience.
I had a pleasant experience with the cabin staff, who were attentive, friendly, and accommodating throughout the flight. Their professionalism made the journey more comfortable. The food and beverage were well-presented, and delicious, perfectly meeting my expectations. I appreciated that the airline accommodated dietary preferences (Seafood Meal), which enhanced my overall experience. I am writing this feedback on behalf of my friends and family who traveled in the economy class. We strongly believe that there is a splendid opportunity to further enrich the economy class experience by introducing a new feature for purchase, drawing inspiration from your existing product, 'Garuda Priority Service.' 1. Enhanced Meal Options Introduce a premium meal selection for purchase in the economy class. This would allow economy class passengers to relish business class meals. Providing the option to savor premium meals would undoubtedly elevate the travel experience for passengers. 2. Upgraded Amenity Kits Offer economy class passengers the opportunity to purchase enhanced amenity kits, inclusive of noise-canceling headphones and other amenities akin to those provided in the business class. The provision of these upgraded amenity kits would significantly enhance the in-flight comfort and overall experience for economy class travelers. 3. Displaying the menu on the in-flight entertainment screen would be helpful. 4. Implementing a system similar to Tapendium, where passengers can order snacks, beverages, and other items directly from the in-flight entertainment screen, would further enhance the passenger experience.
I had a pleasant experience with the cabin staff, who were attentive, friendly, and accommodating throughout the flight. Their professionalism made the journey more comfortable. The food and beverage were well-presented, and delicious, perfectly meeting my expectations. I appreciated that the airline accommodated dietary preferences (Seafood Meal), which enhanced my overall experience. I am writing this feedback on behalf of my friends and family who traveled in the economy class. We strongly believe that there is a splendid opportunity to further enrich the economy class experience by introducing a new feature for purchase, drawing inspiration from your existing product, 'Garuda Priority Service.' 1. Enhanced Meal Options Introduce a premium meal selection for purchase in the economy class. This would allow economy class passengers to relish business class meals. Providing the option to savor premium meals would undoubtedly elevate the travel experience for passengers. 2. Upgraded Amenity Kits Offer economy class passengers the opportunity to purchase enhanced amenity kits, inclusive of noise-canceling headphones and other amenities akin to those provided in the business class. The provision of these upgraded amenity kits would significantly enhance the in-flight comfort and overall experience for economy class travelers. 3. Displaying the menu on the in-flight entertainment screen would be helpful. 4. Implementing a system similar to Tapendium, where passengers can order snacks, beverages, and other items directly from the in-flight entertainment screen, would further enhance the passenger experience.
I had a pleasant experience with the cabin staff, who were attentive, friendly, and accommodating throughout the flight. Their professionalism made the journey more comfortable. The food and beverage were well-presented, and delicious, perfectly meeting my expectations. I appreciated that the airline accommodated dietary preferences (Seafood Meal), which enhanced my overall experience. I am writing this feedback on behalf of my friends and family who traveled in the economy class. We strongly believe that there is a splendid opportunity to further enrich the economy class experience by introducing a new feature for purchase, drawing inspiration from your existing product, 'Garuda Priority Service.' 1. Enhanced Meal Options Introduce a premium meal selection for purchase in the economy class. This would allow economy class passengers to relish business class meals. Providing the option to savor premium meals would undoubtedly elevate the travel experience for passengers. 2. Upgraded Amenity Kits Offer economy class passengers the opportunity to purchase enhanced amenity kits, inclusive of noise-canceling headphones and other amenities akin to those provided in the business class. The provision of these upgraded amenity kits would significantly enhance the in-flight comfort and overall experience for economy class travelers. 3. Displaying the menu on the in-flight entertainment screen would be helpful. 4. Implementing a system similar to Tapendium, where passengers can order snacks, beverages, and other items directly from the in-flight entertainment screen, would further enhance the passenger experience.
I had a pleasant experience with the cabin staff, who were attentive, friendly, and accommodating throughout the flight. Their professionalism made the journey more comfortable. The food and beverage were well-presented, and delicious, perfectly meeting my expectations. I appreciated that the airline accommodated dietary preferences (Seafood Meal), which enhanced my overall experience. I am writing this feedback on behalf of my friends and family who traveled in the economy class. We strongly believe that there is a splendid opportunity to further enrich the economy class experience by introducing a new feature for purchase, drawing inspiration from your existing product, 'Garuda Priority Service.' 1. Enhanced Meal Options Introduce a premium meal selection for purchase in the economy class. This would allow economy class passengers to relish business class meals. Providing the option to savor premium meals would undoubtedly elevate the travel experience for passengers. 2. Upgraded Amenity Kits Offer economy class passengers the opportunity to purchase enhanced amenity kits, inclusive of noise-canceling headphones and other amenities akin to those provided in the business class. The provision of these upgraded amenity kits would significantly enhance the in-flight comfort and overall experience for economy class travelers. 3. Displaying the menu on the in-flight entertainment screen would be helpful. 4. Implementing a system similar to Tapendium, where passengers can order snacks, beverages, and other items directly from the in-flight entertainment screen, would further enhance the passenger experience.
Related info for your journey
Find useful and relevant information for your journey from Berlin to Singapore. Access travel guides, tips, and recommendations to enhance your travel experience. Get information about local attractions, weather, transportation options, and more.
How popular is this Berlin to Singapore flight route?
This flight path from Berlin Brandenburg to Singapore Changi was viewed by 1 users in the past month. Keep an eye out for changes in search interest prior to high and low season.
What are the cheapest airlines flying from Berlin to Singapore round-trip?
According to our current data, Air France (S$ 832), British Airways (S$ 851), and KLM (S$ 869) offers the cheapest pricing from Berlin to Singapore. These flights start at 28% lower than the current average price 3 months from now.
What are the cheapest airlines to fly from Berlin to Singapore one-way?
For one-way options, check prices for Etihad Airways. According to our data, you can fly for as low as S$ 627. Users have also found prices from S$ 783 and S$ 920 on Finnair and Qatar Airways, respectively.
Can I find deals for flights from Berlin to Singapore that include hotel bookings?
Yes. In addition to deals on Berlin to Singapore flights, Cheapflights offers holiday packages that include both flights and hotel.
How can I find direct flights from Berlin to Singapore?
After entering your origin and destination, apply the non-stop filter on the search result page to find direct flights from Berlin to Singapore.
Can I find deals for business class flights from Berlin to Singapore?
Yes. Cheapflights offers flight deals from Berlin to Singapore by cabin class. In addition to browsing deals, you can also filter by cabin class on the search results page after making a search.
Explore flights to Singapore departing from other origins. Flights are based on user searches made on Cheapflights and were last updated on 18 April 2025.
Find the best flight deals on Cheapflights, where travellers can enjoy low prices and a wide availability of flights to their desired destinations.
How does Cheapflights help users find flights from Berlin to Singapore?
Deals for Berlin to Singapore flights are sourced from 900+ travel sites when you use Cheapflights. When all flight results come back, Cheapflights lets you sort and filter flights using different criteria to choose better, like price, airport, cabin class, and plenty of other options.
Why should you use Cheapflights to find cheap flight tickets from Berlin to Singapore?
Cheapflights helps you find that perfect flight to Singapore from Berlin by searching from hundreds of airlines and agencies you know and love. We are also free to use, in case you were wondering!
Can Cheapflights find flights from Berlin to Singapore with no change fees?
Need flexible booking options for your flight to Singapore from Berlin? Don’t worry, Cheapflights have you covered. Use our search filter to only show flights with no change fees.
Can Cheapflights notify me if prices for flights from Berlin to Singapore become cheaper?
Yes, Cheapflights offers price alerts on Berlin to Singapore flights so you can book your travel at the perfect time. Price Alerts can be enabled by clicking the bell icon next to the flight deals above and providing your email address where you want to receive the alerts.
100% Free
Cheapflights is completely free to use, so you can start saving the moment you arrive.
Book with Flexibility
Our users can plan ahead with confidence and find flights with no change fees
Travel Smart
Millions of people come to us for their flight needs every year. We help make travel planning easy by providing useful insights and data-driven graphs that can inform your decisions.
We value your privacy
Cheapflights and its partners wish to use cookies or similar technologies to store and/or access information on and about your device and process personal data such as your IP address, device identifiers etc., in order to improve your experience on the site, to analyse navigation, to offer and measure personalised advertising, and to facilitate sharing on social networks. We also allow the use of third-party cookies (including those from our advertising partners) on our sites.
By clicking 'Accept', you consent to your data being processed by 0 vendors on this web site for the purposes described in this notice. You can review the vendors and their individual processing purposes on the .
To review individual processing purposes and cookie categories, please click ’Select individual purposes’. You can review your choices and withdraw your consent at any time by clicking the ’Privacy Preferences’ link in the page side navigation.